JSCS Vol 76, No. 3

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 317–328 (2011)

UDC 547.78/.79+547.313:66.095.21:543.422.25; JSCS–4120; doi: 10.2298/JSC100607038D; Original scientific paper

 

Thermal solid-state Z/E isomerization of 2-alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidines: effects of non-covalent interactions

ZDRAVKO DŽAMBASKI*, MILOVAN STOJANOVIĆ*, MARIJA BARANAC-STOJANOVIĆ*^,**, DRAGICA M. MINIĆ*^,*** and RADE MARKOVIĆ*^,**

*Centre for Chemistry, ICTM, P. O. Box 473, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

**Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16 P. O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

***Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

 

(Received 7 July 2010)

Configurational isomerization of stereo-defined 5-substituted and unsubstituted 2-alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidines (1) in the solid state, giving the Z/E mixtures in various ratios, was investigated by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, X-ray powder crystallography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Z/E composition can be rationalized in terms of non-covalent interactions, involving intermolecular and intrAMolecular hydrogen bonding and directional non-bonded 1,5-type S×××O interactions. X-Ray powder crystallography, using selected crystalline (Z)-4-oxothiazolidine substrates, revealed transformation to the AMorphous state during the irreversible Z®E process. A correlation between previous results on the Z/E isomerization in solution and now in the solid state was established.

 

Keywords: 4-thiazolidinones; solid-state isomerisation; non-covalent interactions; dynAMic ¹H-NMR spectroscopy.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 329–339 (2011)

UDC 547.852.7+542.913:547.571:547.7:615.281–188; JSCS–4121; doi: 10.2298/JSC091122028K; Original scientific paper

 

Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of new phthalazinedione derivatives

ABD EL-GALIL M. KHALIL, MOGED A. BERGHOT and MOSTAFA A. GOUDA

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt

 

(Received 22 November 2009, revised 16 July 2010)

Dibenzobarallene (1) was utilized as the key intermediate for the synthesis of some new 2-substituted 1,4-dioxo-3,4,4a,5,10,10a-hexahydro-1H-5,10-[1’,2’]-benzenobenzo[g]phthalazine: 2, 5a–d, 8a–c and 10. Condensation of 2 with benzaldehyde or anisaldehyde gave the corresponding acrylonitrile derivatives 3a and b, respectively. Thiophene derivatives 4a and b were obtained via the Gewald reaction of 2 with cyclohexanone or cyclopentanone, respectively. Treatment of 5d with acetyl chloride or p-toluenesulfonyl chloride afforded the corresponding esters 6 and 7, respectively. Cyclization of 8a–c with formalin afforded the corresponding triazine derivatives 9a–c. Ring opening of 10 with sodium hydroxide gave the corresponding triazole derivative 11, which when alkylated with pentyl bromide afforded the pentylthio derivative 12. Representative compounds of the synthesized products were established and evaluated as antibacterial agents.

 

Keywords: dibenzobarallene; phthalazine; thiophene; triazine; triazole; antibacterial agents.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 341–352 (2011)

UDC 542.913+57–188:547.79+547.53; JSCS–4122; doi: 10.2298/JSC100301029A; Original scientific paper

 

Synthesis and biological activity of some triazole-bearing benzimidazole derivatives

K. F. ANSARI, C. LAL and R. K. KHITOLIYA

Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208002, India

 

(Received 1 March 2010)

A number of N’-(arylmethylidene)-2-(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide and 4-aryl-5-[(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives were synthesized by incorporating various aromatic and heterocyclic substituents on 2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were elucidated based on their elemental analyses and spectral data. The in vitro activities of these compounds against bacteria and fungi were evaluated by the disc diffusion and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Some of the synthesized derivatives were found to be as active as kanAMycin (standard drug).

 

Keywords: benzimidazole; triazole; antimicrobial activity; AMpicillin; kanAMycin; AMphotericin B.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 353–362 (2011)

UDC 637.12:637.146.3+542.92+632.95+546.18; JSCS–4123; doi: 10.2298/JSC100615035B; Original scientific paper

 

Degradation kinetics of seven organophosphorus pesticides in milk during yoghurt processing

LI-YING BO*, YING-HUA ZHANG*^,** and XIN-HUAI ZHAO*^,**

*Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China

**Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China

 

(Received 15 June, revised 3 September 2010)

Bovine milk spiked with seven organophosphorus pesticides, i.e., dimethoate, fenthion, malathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, phorate and trichlorphon, was fermented at 42 °C with commercial directed vat set (DVS) starters to investigate the degradation kinetics of the pesticides during yoghurt processing. The spiked pesticides were extracted from the prepared sAMples with an organic solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography after purification. Based on published results that the degradation kinetics of pesticides is first order, the rate constant of degradation and the half live period of the pesticides were calculated. The results indicated that degradation of the pesticides in milk during yoghurt processing were enhanced by one or both starters, except for malathion, and the two commercial DVS starters had different influences on the degradation kinetics of the pesticides.

 

Keywords: bovine milk; organophosphorus pesticide; degradation kinetics; yoghurt; starter.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 363–373 (2011)

UDC 582.282.23:663.4:66.081:57+546.48:541.121+544.4; JSCS–4124; doi: 10.2298/JSC100527032T; Original scientific paper

 

Application of immobilized waste brewery yeast cells for Cd²⁺ removal. Equilibrium and kinetics

SZENDE TONK, ANDRADA MĂICĂNEANU*, CERASELLA INDOLEAN*, SILVIA BURCA* and CORNELIA MAJDIK*

Sapientia University, Science and Art Faculty, 4 Matei Corvin St., RO-400112 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

*“Babeş-Bolyai” University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 1 Kogălniceanu St., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

 

(Received 27 May, revised 10 September 2010)

In this investigation, the removal of Cd²⁺ by a brewery waste biomass in immobilized (Ca alginate beads) form was studied. The removal process was conducted at room temperature under batch conditions (magnetic stirring) using different initial cadmium concentrations. The equilibrium of biosorption was reached in 150 min for all employed initial concentrations. The maximum biosorption capacity was calculated to be 5.96 mg Cd²⁺ g^-1 yeast for an initial Cd²⁺ concentration of 169 mg L^-1. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to correlate the equilibrium adsorption data. Based on the correlation coefficients, it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm is more suitable for describing the equilibrium data of cadmium biosorption. In addition, first and pseudo-second order kinetic models were applied to describe the biosorption process. The kinetic parAMeters for the pseudo-second order kinetics were determined.

 

Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; immobilization; cadmium biosorption; Freundlich and Langmuir models; kinetic models.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 375–384 (2011)

UDC 582.752.3+581.45:547.972.2:615.281/.282; JSCS–4125; doi: 10.2298/JSC100406027K; Original scientific paper

 

Antimicrobial activity screening of isolated flavonoids from Azadirachta indica leaves

QUDSIA KANWAL*, ISHTIAQ HUSSAIN*^,**, HAMID LATIF SIDDIQUI* and ARSHAD JAVAID***

*Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-AzAM CAMpus Lahore-54590, Pakistan

**University of Sargodha Quaid-e-AzAM CAMpus Lahore, Pakistan

***Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-AzAM CAMpus Lahore, Pakistan

 

(Received 6 April, revised 1 September 2010)

The antimicrobial activities of two flavonoids, nAMely genistein 7-O-glucoside (1) and (–)-epi-catechin (2), isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) leaves, were evaluated against five fungal species, viz: Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. and Penicillium citrii, and four bacterial species, viz. Lactobacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Azospirillium lipoferum and Bacillus sp. Six concentrations, viz. 100, 300, 500, 700, 900 and 1000 ppm of each of the two flavonoids were employed using malt extract agar medium. All the concentrations of both the test compounds significantly suppressed fungal as well as bacterial growth. The highest concentration (1000 ppm) of both fractions 1 and 2 reduced the growth of the different test fungal species by 83–99 % and 82–95 %, respectively. Compound 1 was highly effective against Lactobacillus sp., against which its various concentrations reduced the bacterial growth by 52–99.8 %. Compound 2 was highly effective against A. lipoferum and Bacillus sp., resulting in 94–100 % and 73–99% reduction in bacterial growth, respectively.

 

Keywords: antibacterial; antifungal; Azadirachta indica; flavonoids; leaves; neem.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 385–393 (2011)

UDC 542.913+546.732’742’562’472:547.756:547.553; JSCS–4126; doi: 10.2298/JSC100607034S; Original scientific paper

 

Synthesis and characterization of divalent metal complexes of the macrocyclic ligand derived from isatin and 1,2-diAMinobenzene

DHARAM PAL SINGH, VIDHI GROVER, KRISHAN KUMAR* and KIRAN JAIN**

Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra-136 119, India

*Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities, Gurgaon College of Engineering, Bilaspur-Tauru Road, Gurgaon-122 413, India

**Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, YAMuna Nagar, India

 

(Received 7 June, revised 23 September 2010)

A novel series of complexes of the type [M(C₂₈H₁₈N₆)X₂], where M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II) and X = Cl^-, NO₃^- or CH₃COO^-, were synthesized by template condensation of isatin and 1,2-diAMinobenzene in methanolic medium. The complexes were characterized with the help of various physico–chemical techniques, such as elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements, magnetic measurements, and NMR, infrared and far infrared spectral studies. The low value of molar conductance indicates them to be non-electrolytes. Based on various studies, a distorted octahedral geometry may be proposed for all the complexes. All the synthesized macrocyclic complexes were also tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacterial strains. The MIC values shown by the complexes against these bacterial strains were compared with those of the standard antibiotics linezolid and cefaclor. Some of the complexes showed good antibacterial activities.

 

Keywords: macrocyclic ligands; infrared; magnetic measurements; divalent metal complexes; antibacterial.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 395–406 (2011)

UDC 547.7:547.517:532.74:537.872 JSCS–4127; doi: 10.2298/JSC100812040H; Original scientific paper

 

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of conformational energies and interconversion pathways in 1,2,7-thiadiazepane

MINA HAGHDADI and NAHID FAROKHI*

Department of Chemistry, IslAMic Azad University, Babol Branch, Iran

*Department of Chemistry, IslAMic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

 

(Received 12 August, revised 7 September 2010)

The molecular structure and conformational analysis of 1,2,7-thiadiazapane conformers were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory. Four twist-chair (TC), six twist-boat (TB), two boat (B), two chair (C) and four twist (T) conformers were identified as minima and transition states for 1,2,7-thiadiazepane. The TC1 conformer is the most stable conformer and the twist-chair conformers are predicted to be lower in energy than their corresponding boat and chair conformations. DFT predicts a small barrier to pseudo-rotation and a remarkable activation barrier for the conformational interconversion of the twist-chair conformers to their corresponding boat conformers. The simplest conformational process and the one with the lowest barrier is the degenerate interconversion of the twist-chair 3 (TC3) conformation with itself via the C_s symmetric chair (C2) transition state. The calculated strain energy barrier for this process is 2.41 kJ mol^-1. The highest conformational interconversion barrier is between TC2 and twist-boat 3 (TB3) forms, which was found to be 75.62 kJ mol^-1.

 

Keywords: conformational analysis; 1,2,7-thiadiazepane; DFT calculation.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 407–416 (2011)

UDC 621.357+549.21:667.622; JSCS–4128; doi: 10.2298/JSC100420030R; Original scientific paper

 

DiAMond deposition on thin cylindrical substrates

GORDANA S. RISTIĆ*, ŽARKO D. BOGDANOV*, MILAN S. TRTICA* and ŠĆEPAN S. MILJANIĆ*^,**

*VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

**Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 137, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

 

(Received 20 April, revised 28 September 2010)

DiAMond coatings were deposited onto different cylindrical substrates (Cu, SiC, W and Mo) by the hot filAMent chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Continuous, adhered and well-faceted crystalline coatings of diAMond were obtained on Cu-wire using a special pretreatment with a mixture of diAMond and metal powders as well as carefully controlled deposition at lower power. DiAMond deposition on SiC-fiber gave continuous and uniform coatings when only the filAMent power was properly selected. Uniform, homogeneous, euchedral diAMond coatings on W- and Mo-wires, attained at a higher filAMent power, confirmed once more the convenience of refractory metals as substrates for diAMond deposition by the CVD technique. Characterization of the obtained coatings was realized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results are compared with the literature data. Differences are discussed with regard to the chemical nature of the substrates as well as their thermophysical characteristics.

 

Keywords: diAMond coating; CVD; cylindrical substrates; Cu; SiC; W; Mo.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 417–423 (2011)

UDC 66–911.4+66–987:536.63:547–039.7; JSCS–4129; doi: 10.2298/JSC100511031J; Short communication

 

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Prediction of high pressure liquid heat capacities of organic compounds by a group contribution method

JOVAN D. JOVANOVIĆ, ANĐELA B. KNEŽEVIĆ-STEVANOVIĆ* and DUŠAN K. GROZDANIĆ

Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

*Metro Vancouver, 4330 Kingsway, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5H 4G8, Canada

 

(Received 1 May, revised 1 September 2010)

A new method for estimating high pressure liquid heat capacities based on molecular structure and group contribution is proposed. A common set of structural groups was employed. The method was developed using 67 sets of 43 organic compounds with 3449 experimental heat capacity data. A small number of measured compounds, data points per compound and other comparable methods were observed. This is a simple first-order approximation with acceptable accuracy of 2.548 %.

 

Keywords: high pressure heat capacity; prediction; group contribution; liquid; pure compound.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 425–438 (2011)

UDC 632.125.000.57:631.461:547.536; JSCS–4130; doi: 10.2298/JSC100531033S; Original scientific paper

 

Investigation of the bioremediation potential of aerobic zymogenous microorganisms in soil for crude oil biodegradation

TATJANA ŠOLEVIĆ*, MILAN NOVAKOVIĆ**, MILA ILIĆ*, MALIŠA ANTIĆ*^,***, MIROSLAV M. VRVIĆ*^,** and BRANIMIR JOVANČIĆEVIĆ*^,**

*Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, P.O. Box 473, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

**Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

***Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Belgrade, Serbia

 

(Received 31 May, revised 27 September 2010)

The bioremediation potential of the aerobic zymogenous microorganisms in soil (Danube alluvium, Pančevo, Serbia) for crude oil biodegradation was investigated. A mixture of paraffinic types of oils was used as the substrate. The laboratory experiment of the simulated oil biodegradation lasted 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days. In parallel, an experiment with a control sAMple was conducted. Extracts were isolated from the sAMples with chloroform in a separation funnel. From these extracts, the hydrocarbons were isolated by column chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). n-Alkanes, isoprenoids, phenanthrene and its derivatives with one and two methyl groups were quantitatively analyzed. The ability and efficiency of zymogenous microorganisms in soil for crude oil bioremediation was assessed by comparison between the composition of sAMples which were exposed to the microorganisms and the control sAMple. The investigated microorganisms showed the highest bioremediation potential in the biodegradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoids. A considerably high bioremediation potential was confirmed in the biodegradation of phenanthrene and methyl phenanthrenes. Low bioremediation potential of these microorganisms was proven in the case of polycyclic alkanes of the sterane and triterpane types and dimethyl phenanthrenes.

 

Keywords: bioremediation; soil zymogenous microorganisms; crude oil; hydrocarbons.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 439–446 (2011)

UDC 675:628.3.03.034.2:628.315.23+Botryosphaeria rhodina; JSCS–4131; doi: 10.2298/JSC100603039H; Original scientific paper

 

Biotreatment of industrial tannery wastewater using Botryosphaeria rhodina

MARIA CLAUDIA HASEGAWA, ANELI M. BARBOSA* and KEIKO TAKASHIMA

Laboratório de Processos de Oxidação Avançados, DepartAMento de Química, CCE, Brazil

*Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos, DepartAMento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina,Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil

 

(Received 3 July, revised 8 October 2010)

The treatment of a tannery wastewater was performed on the laboratory scale using the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, a ligninolytic and a constitutive producer of laccases (EC: 1.10.3.2). The wastewater sAMples were collected in the retanning and dyeing steps and presented high values of chemical oxygen demand, COD (15,023±60.0 mg L^-1), fifth-day biochemical oxygen demand, BOD₅ (4374±0.1 mg L^-1), total solids (28500±2.0 mg L^-1), total organic carbon, TOC (4685 mg L^-1), and chloride ion concentration (2911±0.3 mg L^-1). The fungus was inoculated and after five days under agitation at 180 rpm at 28 °C, the COD was reduced by 91 %. The total organic carbon also decreased from 4685 to 375.0 mg L^-1 and the turbidity from 331.0 to 6.5 NTU, indicating that the biological treatment was efficient as the fungus consumed almost all the organic compounds present in the wastewater. It was not necessary to add an additional carbon source for the treatment, indicating that the concentration of organic compounds presented in the tannery wastewater effluent were sufficient for microorganism growth, during which the COD and TOC were reduced by about 91 and 93 %, respectively.

 

Keywords: Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05; wastewater treatment; tannery industry; COD.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 447–458 (2011)

UDC 54–72+66.071.9+547.52:628.516+628.52; JSCS–4132; doi: 10.2298/JSC100616037R; Original scientific paper

 

The octanol–air partition coefficient, K_OA, as a predictor of gas–particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls at industrial and urban sites

JELENA RADONIĆ, MIRJANA VOJINOVIć MILORADOV, MAJA TURK SEKULIć, JELENA KIURSKI, MAJA DJOGO and DUšAN MILOVANOVIć

Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

 

(Received 16 June, revised 15 October 2010)

The main objectives of the research were to estimate the relationship between the gas–particle partition coefficient, K_p, and the octanol–air partition coefficient, K_OA, of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, and polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, at industrial and urban sites in the Vojvodina region, to compare the obtained slopes and intercepts of the log K_p vs. log K_OA relations with the results of regression analyses reported in previous studies and to assess the consistency between the particle-bound fractions predicted by the K_OA absorption model and the results obtained within field measurements. Fairly good log K_p – log K_OA correlations, with an average value of the correlation coefficients of 0.70, indicate that the partition coefficient K_OA can be used as a prediction parAMeter of the gas–particle partitioning processes for both classes of compounds. The results of modelling the atmospheric distribution of PAHs using the K_OA absorption model showed inconsistencies between the measured and predicted values of the particle-bound fraction, f, of 1–2 orders of magnitude, while significantly higher discrepancies for PAHs in the Nap–Ace range were found. A similar variability of the measured/modelled f values was obtained using the Junge–Pankow adsorption model, indicating the presence of particles enriched with PAHs. The conducted research showed that the K_OA-based approach was less suitable for predicting the gas–particle partitioning of PCBs in urban and industrial sites, compared to the Junge-Pankow model.

 

Keywords: gas–particle partitioning; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls; octanol–air partition coefficient.

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J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 76 (3) 459–478 (2011)

UDC 332.12:338.45+628.3.03.034.2+628.336+311.213.3(497.13); JSCS–4133; doi: 10.2298/JSC100505036P; Original scientific paper

 

Wastewater canal Vojlovica, industrial complex Pančevo, Serbia – preliminary ecotoxicological assessment of contAMinated sediment

IVANA PLANOJEVIĆ, IVANA TEODOROVIĆ, KATERINA BARTOVA*, ALEKSANDRA TUBIĆ**, TAMARA JURCA***, WILLI KOPF****, JIRI MACHAT*, LUDEK BLAHA* and RADMILA KOVAČEVIĆ

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology (LECOTOX), Trg D. Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

*Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment – RECETOX, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic

**University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Novi Sad, Serbia

***University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Hydrobiology, Novi Sad, Serbia

****Bavarian Environment Agency, Munich Office, Germany

 

(Received 5 May, revised 2 September 2010)

Effluents collected from the industrial complex of Pančevo, Serbia (oil refinery, petrochemical plant, and fertilizer factory), are discharged into a wastewater canal entering the Danube River. In this study, which was focused on sediment assessment, a complex triad approach consisting of chemical analysis, sediment toxicity tests and macrozoobenthos community analysis was applied. In toxicity tests on sediment elutriates, the following responses were registered – stimulatory effect in algal bioassay, no effect in acute test with Daphnia magna, and low to moderate toxicity in the conventional Vibrio fischeri test. Moderate to high toxicities were recorded in solid phase tests on Myriophyllum aquaticum and V. fischeri. High content of Hg, certain PAHs and non-characterised sediment contAMinants accumulated over years contribute not only to the registered toxicity, but also to the complete absence of macrozoobenthos. The obtained results proved that regularly measured conventional and priority pollutants are hardly ever the only toxic contAMinants present in sediments. Toxicity tests, in particular the contact test, might guide towards a better selection of parAMeters to be regularly or occasionally monitored. In addition, complete sediment toxicity tests proved to be an appropriate method for assessing the bioavailability of the chemically detected contAMinants. The analysis of the macrozoobenthos composition and structure as inevitable part of sediment risk assessment procedures integrates the effects of multiple stressors and gives a realistic insight into not only sediment contAMination by toxic pollutants, but also the sediment status in general.

 

Keywords: sediment; wastewater canal; toxicity tests; test battery.

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